SYNTAX III ...

... tak nervy už začínají pracovat, ale následuje víceméně teorie, která je sice obsáhlá, ale snad se dá naučit 

 DISCIPLINES BEYOND THE SENTENCE

KEY TERMS

DISCIPLINES

Text Linguistics -

Text linguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with texts as communication systems. Its original aims lay in uncovering and describing text grammars. The application of text linguistics has, however, evolved from this approach to a point in which text is viewed in much broader terms that go beyond a mere extension of traditional grammar towards an entire text. Text linguistics takes into account the form of a text, but also its setting, i.e. the way in which it is situated in an interactional, communicative context. Both the author of a (written or spoken) text as well as its addressee are taken into consideration in their respective (social and/or institutional) roles in the specific communicative context. In general it is an application of discourse analysis^[1] at the much broader level of text, rather than just a sentence or word.

Stylistics is the study of style in language

Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.

Discourse Analysis

OBJECT OF ANALYSIS

TEXT AND DISCOURSE

TEXT VS DISCOURSE:

Text:is made up of sentences having the property of grammatical cohesion.
-Text Analysis: deals with cohesion.

Discourse
-A discourse is made up of utterances having the property of coherence.
-Discourse analysis: investigates coherence.

Discourse (from Latin discursus, meaning "running to and from") generally refers to "written or spoken communication or debate". ^[1] The following are three more specific definitions:

(1) In semantics and discourse analysis: A generalization of the concept of conversation to all modalities and contexts.

(2) "The totality of codified linguistic usages attached to a given type of social practice. (E.g.: legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse.)"

STANDARDS OF TEXTUALITY

COHESION - refers to the means (PHONOLOGICAL, GRAMMATICAL, LEXICAL, SEMANTIC) OF LINKING SENTENCES INTO LARGER UNITS (PARAGRAPHS, CHAPTERS), MAKINNG THEM STICK TOGETHER); bonds and ties relationships in a text - we take text as a unit

GRAMMATICAL COHESION

Reference

Anaphora - a grammatical term for the use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer back to another word or phrase. Adjective: anaphoric.

Cataphora - The use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence. Adjective: cataphoric.

Endophora - The use of a third-person pronoun or other word or phrase to refer to someone or something inside the same text. Contrast with exophora. Adjective: endophoric.

Exophora The use of a pronoun or other word or phrase to refer to someone or something outside the text. Contrast with endophora. Adjective: exophoric.

Elipsis In linguistics, ellipsis or elliptical construction refers to the omission from a clause of one or more words that would otherwise be required by the remaining elements.

• verbal I wouldn´t bother, Pam. I really wouldn´t.
• clausal

Substitution

• nominal These rolls aren´t fresh. I will bring some fresh ones.
• clausalThey had their eyes on me. They said so.
• verbal Did you sell the car? No, but my husband did.

COHERENCE -continuity of sences,  text makes sence because there is a continuity of senses among the knowledge activated by the expressions of the text.

INTENTIONALITY having a plan or purpose

INFORMATIVITY degree of new information

INTERTEXTUALITY relation with other texts

ACCEPTABILITY having some use for the receiver; an active willingness to participate in discourse and share the goal

SITUATIONALITY relevance to the context