ENGLISH SYNTAX I ...

6. únor 2011 | 01.16 |
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ENGLISH SYNTAX I ...

syntax

...některými milovaná, jinými zatracovaná :-).. aneb je tenhle blog ještě moje osobní záležitost? Odpověď je ano, protože z anglické syntax skládám ve čtvrtek zkoušku, kterou vidím, jak by napsala Eithné, jako titul a moje letní relaxační plány ohrožující ;-), což považuji za velmi, VELMI osobní. Přece si nezkazím léto :-).

Chápu, že se těžko najde někdo, koho by moje školní poznámky bavily. Ale když mně to přepisování poznámek na blog, doplňování a upřesňování nejasného fakt moc pomáhá, tak, prosím, mějte se mnou v průběhu dalších článků trpělivost :-).

INTRODUCTION úvod , s tím by neměl být problém :-)

CLAUSE TYPES (PATTERNS)

SV ( subject - verb; podmět - sloveso) The sun is shining.

SVO (subject - verb - object; podmět - sloveso - předmět) The lecture bored me.

SVC (subject - verb - complement; podmět - sloveso - doplněk) I am tired.

SVA (subject - verb - adverbial; podmět - sloveso - příslovečné určení místa, času, způsobu) She is away.

SVOO (subject - verb - object - object; podmět - sloveso - předmět - předmět) She gave the book to me.

SVOC (subject - verb - object - complement; podmět - sloveso - předmět a doplněk) I find her opinions interesting.

SVOA (subject - verb - object - adverbial; podmět - sloveso - předmět - přísudek) She put the book on the desk.

VERB CLASSES

Intransitive /nepřechodná/ are followed by no obligatory element and occur in type SV (subject - verb).

- SHE SLEEPS.

Copular /sponová/ are followed by subject complement or an adverbial and occur in types SVC (subject - verb - complement) or in SVA (subject - verb - adverbial). (SEEM, BE, BECOME)

- HE BECAME A DOCTOR

Transitive /přechodná/ are followed by object and occur in types SVO, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA:

Monotransitive in SVO

Ditransitive in SVOO

Complex- transitive in SVOC, SVOA

SENTENCE TYPES AND THEIR DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS

oznamovací - declarative

tázací - interrogative

rozkazovací - imperative

přací . optative

zvolací - exclamative

Discourse functions:

statement

question

directive

wish

exclamation

Types of questions

YES/ NO positive - Do you live here?

YES/ NO negative - Has nobody called?

WH (who, what, where.. questions) Where are you from?

Declarative questions - You know what the risks are?

Alternative questions - Do you want beer or wine?

Tag questions - You know him, don´t you?

Types of directives

Without subject :positive: Come here!; Do open the door! negative: Don´t speak!

With subject: Somebody open the door!

With LET: Let´s go out!

Structural classes of clauses

An independent clause (or main clause) is a

wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause">clause that can stand by itself, also known as a simple sentence. An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate; it makes sense by itself.

Multiple independent clauses can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).

  • I love penguins. (simple sentence)
  • I drive a bus. (simple sentence)
  • I am a doctor, and my wife is a lawyer. (compound sentence made up of two independent clauses: I am a doctor and my wife is a lawyer)
  • I want to be a nurse, but I need to receive my science degree. (compound sentence made up of two independent clauses. (zdroj Wikipedia)

A dependent clause (also subordinate clause) is a clause used in conjunction with the independent clause, augmenting or attributing it. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence; instead, they always modify the independent clause of a sentence. Although a dependent clause contains a subject and a predicate, it sounds incomplete when standing alone. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a synonym for dependent clause, but in the majority of grammars, subordinate clause refers only to adverbial dependent clauses.

Finite, nonfinite, verbless

Subordinate clauses may be finite or nonfinite.

A finite clause has a finite verb. A finite verb has tense.

E.g.: "I run daily."

A non-finite clause has a verb without tense.

E.g.: "...to run daily..."

Non-finite clauses:

Infinitive: He forced them to sell the house.

Participles/gerunds: Whether trained or not, he is doing a perfect job.

 Verbless:

Non-verbal clauses are:

  • nominative clauses.

    The governing node of a nominative clause is a noun in the nominative (and other forms with the same function; see further).

    For example:

    Praha.

  • vocative clauses.

    The governing node of a vocative clause is a noun in the vocative.

    For example:

    Milá Pavlíno! (=Dear Pavlina!)

  • interjectional clauses.

    The governing node of an interjectional clause is an interjection or a yes-no particle.

    For example:

    Ach. (=Oh)

    Ano. (=Yes)

    SIMPLE, COMPLEX, COMPOUND, MULTIPLE SENTENCES

Simple - věta jednoduchá

Multiple sentences:

Complex - souvětí podřadné

Compound - souvětí souřadné:two or more main , independent clauses:

  • copulative (slučovací O + O) (and, and..so, neither ... nor, both ... and)
  • adversative (odporovací OxO) but, but on the contrary, however
  • disjunctive (vylučovací O v O) or, or else, either ... or, otherwise
  • causative (příčinné) O>O for

Nominal content clauses

  • declarative THAT clauses závislé věty oznamovací:
  • subject obsahová věta podmětná
  • object obsahová věta předmětná
  • subject complement obsahová věta přívlastková
  • závislé věty rozkazovací - imperative
  • závislé věty zvolací - exclamative
  • závislé věty přací - optative
  • závislé věty tázací - interrogative

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Komentáře

RE: ENGLISH SYNTAX I ... maydayberry®svetu.cz 06. 02. 2011 - 10:26
RE: ENGLISH SYNTAX I ... eithne 06. 02. 2011 - 11:30
RE: ENGLISH SYNTAX I ... hp 06. 02. 2011 - 12:02
RE(2x): ENGLISH SYNTAX I ... eithne 06. 02. 2011 - 12:28
RE(3x): ENGLISH SYNTAX I ... hp 06. 02. 2011 - 13:42
RE(4x): ENGLISH SYNTAX I ... eithne 06. 02. 2011 - 14:02
RE(4x): ENGLISH SYNTAX I ... eithne 07. 02. 2011 - 09:29
RE(5x): ENGLISH SYNTAX I ... hp 07. 02. 2011 - 19:24